Lichens; Mosses & other Bryophytes

Lichens; Mosses & other Bryophytes

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Spore-producing organisms are called cryptogams. Ferns and fern allies are cryptogams but I say nothing about them for, on Nature Map, they are included with the flowering plants. So, while I use the word cryptogam for brevity, I mean only 'spore producing organism other than ferns and fern allies'. The cryptogams are:

Mosses, liverworts and hornworts (which make up the bryophytes).

Fungi. Things such as mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns are spore producing structures of various fungi and spore-producing structures, in many cases ephemeral, are often referred to as fruit bodies. The permanent, feeding part of the fungus is out of sight (in wood, soil, dung, etc) and consists of a network of fine  threads, called a mycelium. In essence, the mycelium is the fungal individual, just as a tree (not any of its fruits) is considered to be the individual.

Lichens, each of which is a symbiotic partnership between a fungus and an alga or a cyanobacterium. The classification is based on the fungal partner and lichens are often referred to as lichenized fungi. Those lacking symbiotic algal or cyanobacterial partners are the non-lichenized fungi. The separation of lichenized from non-lichenized fungi is artificial, with no taxonomic basis, but is nevertheless useful in everyday talk. When people use the word 'fungi' they generally mean non-lichenized fungi and that's how 'fungi' will be used in comments about Nature Map sightings. It would be mind-numbingly pedantic to say 'non-lichenized fungi.'

Algae and cyanobacteria (the latter sometimes referred to as blue-green algae).

Myxomycetes (colloquially called slime moulds, even though they are not fungi).

The Friends of the Australian National Botanic Gardens funded the production of three websites that present more information about the structures, ecology and biology of:

Bryophytes: http://www.cpbr.gov.au/bryophyte/

Fungi (non-lichenized): http://www.cpbr.gov.au/fungi/

Lichens: http://www.cpbr.gov.au/lichen/

What am I counting?

Nature Map asks for abundance information. Don't agonize over the 'correct' count for crytpogam sightings. If you see 15 wombats in a woodland you know that you are looking at 15 individuals and the count gives you useful information about the abundance of wombats, in that it gives you a minimum number for that area. When you count visible cryptogam structures you are not necessarily producing that sort of abundance information. I'll illustrate this with just one example. Suppose you see 15 mushrooms, all of the same species, spread over say a few square metres. Visually, it is impossible to say whether all come from one mycelium or from 15, so you do not know whether there is only one fungal individual present or 15 individual fungi. If those 15 came from the one mycelium, the count of 15 tells you as much about the abundance of that species as the count of 15 Banksia cones from one bush would tell you about the abundance of Banksia.

What is a native cryptogam?

If there is good evidence that a species has been introduced to Australia, it will be recorded as Exotic on Nature Map. Otherwise it will be recorded as Local native (or Rare native or Very rare/Threatened if there is relevant evidence). To say that a species is native to Australia means that it occurs naturally in this country and was not introduced by humans. Since almost all vascular plants and mammals that are native to Australia are also confined to Australia, it would not be surprising if many people assumed that a cryptogam species described as native to Australia was confined to Australia. Don't make that assumption. There are cryptogams known only from Australia but there are also those that are naturally widespread, meaning that a particular species may be native to Australia as well as being native elsewhere.

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Lichens; Mosses & other Bryophytes

Lichens
Mosses, Liverworts & Hornworts

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Heino1 wrote:
19 Aug 2024
4578811, 4587036, 4587037 - not the same. I had wondered about 4578813 when I first saw the photo - but with so much moss around it's hard to say. It's certainly easiest to recognize this species when you can see the algal wash over the surrounding soil. You can see a variety of photos here: https://canberra.naturemapr.org/species/7690. There are also non-lichenized fungi that produce with similarly coloured mushrooms.
Lichenomphalia chromacea
WendyEM wrote:
19 Aug 2024
Thank you. In deep brain recesses I had the memory this was a lichen or moss associate. I kept looking in the wrong place for more info. Thank you so much for the details. Could these - sighting 4578813, 4578811, 4587036, 4587037 - be the same thing? or is Lichenomphalia chromacea smaller, less fleshy and occurs only on more open/bare ground ?
Lichenomphalia chromacea
Heino1 wrote:
19 Aug 2024
This is the lichen species Lichenomphalia chromacea. A lichen is a partnership between a fungus and an alga or a cyanobacterium and in most species the fungal and algal (or cyanobacterial) cells and reproductive structures are very closely united. Here, the yellow mushrooms are where the fungal partner of this lichen produces sexual spores. The rest of the lichen (the thallus) is on the soil where fungal filaments are intertwined with algal cells. On the soil you see what looks like a green wash. If you took some of that green wash and looked at it under a microscope (at a few hundred times magnification) you'd see the fungal and algal cells. In most lichens the fungal partner's reproductive structures are more tightly bound to the thallus.
Lichenomphalia chromacea

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